There’s more and more good science news
coming from Africa. Romolo Tavani/Shutterstock
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It’s been a recurring refrain: Africa still
lags woefully behind the rest of the world in generating new scientific knowledge.
As figures collated by the World Bank in
2014 show,
the continent – home to around 16% of the world’s population – produces less than 1% of the world’s
research output.
These are painful admissions to make as the
continent prepares to celebrate Africa Day on May 25. But there are several
projects and initiatives that offer hope amid all the bad news.
One is a major funding and agenda setting
platform, the Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa based in Nairobi, Kenya, which was
established by the African Academy of Sciences in partnership with NEPAD. It
will award research grants to African universities, advise on financial best
practice and develop a science strategy for Africa. It also offers an
opportunity for African scientists to speak with one voice when it comes to
aligning a research and development agenda for African countries.
Another is the US’s National Institute of Health
and Wellcome Trust’s commitment to invest nearly US$ 200
million into Africa-led genomics projects, biobanks and training of
bioinformatics personnel. This investment targets diseases that affect the
African continent and gives African scientists the opportunity to set
priorities with regard to health interventions and skills development.
And some countries on the continent are starting
to realise just how important it is to retain talent and skills. They are
investing in human capital development and building infrastructure to keep
African scientists in Africa – or to attract them back home once they’ve
studied elsewhere. All of this will help to shift the continent’s economies
towards becoming knowledge-based.
These are all promising steps in the right
direction. But more work and focus is needed across the continent.
Political will lagging
The underlying reason for the dispiriting figures
shared by the World Bank is multifaceted but simple: Africa does not produce
enough scientists.
The continent currently has only 198 researchers per million people. That’s compared to 455 per million
in Chile, and more than 4,500 per million in the UK and the US. If it’s to
match the world average for the number of researchers per million people –
around 1,150 – the continent needs another million new PhDs.
Political will is desperately needed to achieve
that goal. It is sorely lacking in most African countries. In 2006, members of
the African Union endorsed a target for each nation to spend 1% of its Gross Domestic Product on research and development. Yet as
of 2017 only three countries – South Africa, Malawi and Uganda – have reached this goal.
And while more African authors are producing
research and being published in international journals, a great deal of this work is being conducted in collaboration
with international partners.
The vital role of international partnerships in
driving innovation in Africa is unquestionable. But at the same time, the
dependence on international collaboration and investment without any pan-African
framework for increasing and sustaining local funding, limits Africa’s ability
to drive a scientific agenda that is aligned to its specific needs.
Homegrown initiatives
That’s why African-led initiatives like the Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science inAfrica, Human, Heredity and Health in Africa Programme and the Global Emerging Pathogens Treatment Consortium– through which genomics programmes
on the continent are being funded – are so important.
For instance, the funding the National Institutes
of Health and the Wellcome Trust are channelling through the Human, Heredity
and Health in Africa Programme has catalysed regional efforts to establish
guidelines for biobanks in South Africa, Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone.
Genetic material of African origin is key to the
development of more effective vaccines or understanding disease mechanisms.
Biobanks provide both the infrastructure and protocols to accurately store
these biological samples, and in the context of pandemics like Ebola scientists
have access to the biological material to find vaccines.
In supporting biobanks and more generally
genetics laboratories, my team has built the open-source Baobab LIMS through European Union funding to track the
lifespan of a biological sample in a laboratory. This means a researcher can
trace what happens to a biological sample or where it is located. Currently
this technology is being used at labs in South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Ivory
Coast, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Tunisia.
But building laboratories isn’t enough. To keep
growing and improving its scientific output, Africa needs to pay urgent
attention to retaining talent.
The continent’s unstable research funding streams
mean that scientists tend to be employed only on short-term contracts. As a result, 48% of researchers in Southern Africa are spending less than two
years at any one institution. This number drops to 39% for East Africa.
The impact of short-term contracts will be felt
in the research and development space where we do not have sufficient time to
build critical mass. This results in continuous initiation of new projects
without building on existing knowledge and seeking interventions that are
sustainable.
This short-term thinking also means that
brilliant African thinkers and scientists are lost to the continent. And there
is no doubt that retaining such scientists makes a difference. Take the case of
Professor Abdoulaye Djimde. The continent needs more like him.
Djimde, one of my collaborators, is chief of the
Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Unit at the Malaria Research and
Training Centre University of Bamako, Mali. He returned to Mali in 2001 after
completing his PhD in genetics in the US.
Over a period of 17 years, he has rolled out a research development strategy that attracted millions of dollars in investment to build infrastructure in his home country. He’s also obtained funding to develop the next generation of African scientists through the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science (DELTAS) Africa programme. The continent needs to keep more of its Professor Djimdes at home if it’s to keep growing.
Originally published on THE CONVERSATION
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